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Intellectual Capital as a Factor of Competitiveness of Modern Companies
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tual resources for formation of competitive advantages. Here the role of a state would include the development of
effective infrastructure for innovative business, which would consist of creation of favorable legal and economic
conditions for organization and formation of the innovative enterprises and system of their financing. So we can
talk about creation of a capable, effective state innovative system.
In this regard it should be mentioned that during a post-war construction the Soviet Union was one of the world
leaders in many spheres. However, with time this position was lost. Disorder of the USSR and reorganization of
a national economy caused a loss of dominant position in many fields. An industrial development path became a
brake in conditions of global competition and public division of labor. There many problems in Russia since the
USSR which have not been solved, especially such as the key role of development of materials sector where we are
rather successful. At the same time the scientific potential of the state has been lost. To begin with, it is connected
with low level of equipment in scientific research institutes and laboratories, outflow of high quality experts and
young scientists abroad, lack of close connections between the academic scientific research institutes and universi-
ties. Moreover, there is a need of permission of the situation which has developed round saved by the state innova-
tions’ stock. Though the state is not able to finance the realization of much know-how, it has not given access for
it for private investors. It is important here to create an organization which will develop transfer of technologies
and commercialization of research activities.
Besides, the main role is given to improvement of all education system as a source of knowledge and ability to
apply gained knowledge because if there is no opportunity to use knowledge, there is no sense to accumulate
them as they quickly become outdated. If the state understands the serious lag in the scientific plan, there will be
reforms in education system and Russian academy of science. The consequences of these reforms would be clear
with time, but already it is necessary to speak not about structure of reforms (to unite universities, to enter one
hundred of the best universities of the world, to increase a citing index, etc.), but about substantial components
which demand investments.
Investments in intellectual capital, such as government support and funding for education, lead to tremendous
advances in high-tech industry. As a result, innovative production equipment and innovative technologies, the
development of science and technology, there is a need for training, retraining, advanced training. This industrial
training also requires additional investment.
At the macro level, with the development and use of intellectual capital going socio-economic development of
countries and regions. Intellectual capital determines the position, weight and competitiveness of the country
and could be the basis of income due to the introduction of innovative technologies in the economy. So, with its
support as a separate entity and the economy as a whole the development becomes more technological and an
information-oriented to innovation (Kasaev, 2007).
All researchers pay special attention to technological problems, technological gap, scientific and technical prog-
ress. If in 1950-60s problems of scientific and technological progress were discussed at the macro level, were seen
as actions promoting or interfering economic growth of the countries, since 1970s problems of technological
development gradually turn from questions of macro level - into problems of microeconomics. Finally, in 90
s
it
was stated that innovative activity can be a strategic factor in the market, part of the general company’s strategy
directed on a gain or maintenance of the exclusive position in its field.
From Shumpeter’s point of view, the main factor of desirable functioning of the market is not a static competi-
tion between acting producers of existing products but real or potential competition from new products or new
producers using new technologies. Static market power can be a supposition for competition based on innova-
tions that is why the society should decide which type of limited monopoly it should use to stimulate intellectual
competition (Schumpeter, 2004).
From the middle of the 20
th
century there has been a clear tendency of increasing of a role of intellectual produc-
tion as a process of production and reproduction of the new knowledge, new ideas, and new intellectual prod-
ucts. Trade of intellectual property’s objects becomes highly profitable business that is confirmed by a number of
examples. Company Texas Instruments (USA) in the middle of the 80-s started prosecuting companies, which